АПТ, ili Advanced Package Tool, predstavlja komandno-linijski uslužni program namenjen upravljanju paketima unutar distribucija koje su bazirane na Debianu ili Ubuntu operativnom sistemu.
Ovo je jedan od nekoliko menadžera paketa, rame uz rame sa apt-get-om, ali kao i ostali, omogućava vam da instalirate, izmenite ili uklonite različite programske pakete bez potrebe za kompajliranjem iz izvornog koda. Mogućnosti ovog alata su obimnije, a neke od njih biće obrađene u nastavku.
Sintaksa opšte upotrebe apt komande izgleda ovako:
$ apt [KOMANDA] [PAKET]
Neophodno je koristiti `sudo` prefiks prilikom korišćenja `apt` komande, budući da mnoge podkomande zahtevaju administratorske privilegije za izvođenje sistemskih izmena.
U daljem tekstu, razmotrićemo različite podkomande koje se mogu koristiti uz `apt`, kao i njihove specifične primene.
Ažuriranje baze podataka paketa
Za funkcionisanje, `apt` zahteva skladište paketa sa bazom podataka svih dostupnih paketa koji se mogu instalirati na Debian/Ubuntu sistemima. Pre početka instalacije bilo kog paketa, neophodno je ažurirati ovu bazu, kako bi `apt` imao sve neophodne informacije o paketu, poput verzije, arhitekture i lokacije preuzimanja.
Ažuriranje baze podataka skladišta paketa je jednostavan proces koji se može postići sledećom komandom:
$ sudo apt update
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ sudo apt update Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [114 kB] Hit:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease Get:3 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [114 kB] Get:4 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [101 kB] Get:5 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages [1086 kB] Get:6 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 Packages [841 kB] Fetched 2255 kB in 1s (2677 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 14 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. user@racunar:~$
Nadogradnja instaliranih paketa
Instalirani paketi na vašem sistemu mogu se nadograditi na najnovije dostupne verzije korišćenjem sledeće komande:
$ sudo apt upgrade
Kada se koristi `upgrade` komanda, paketi će biti instalirani ako je to potrebno radi zadovoljavanja zavisnosti, ali neće biti uklonjeni postojeći paketi. Ukoliko nadogradnja nekog paketa zahteva uklanjanje već instaliranog paketa, proces nadogradnje za taj paket se neće izvršiti.
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ sudo apt update Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [114 kB] Hit:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease Get:3 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease [114 kB] Get:4 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [101 kB] Get:5 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages [1086 kB] Get:6 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 Packages [841 kB] Fetched 2255 kB in 1s (2677 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 14 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. user@racunar:~$ sudo apt upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages will be upgraded: apt apt-utils libapt-pkg6.0 libpython3.8 libpython3.8-minimal libpython3.8-stdlib libuv1 linux-base linux-base-sgx open-vm-tools python3-distupgrade python3.8 python3.8-minimal ubuntu-release-upgrader-core 14 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 9485 kB of archives. After this operation, 603 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libapt-pkg6.0 amd64 2.0.6 [835 kB] Get:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 apt amd64 2.0.6 [1296 kB] Get:3 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 apt-utils amd64 2.0.6 [216 kB] Get:4 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libpython3.8 amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1625 kB] Get:5 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3.8 amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [387 kB] Get:6 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libpython3.8-stdlib amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1675 kB] Get:7 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3.8-minimal amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [1898 kB] Get:8 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libpython3.8-minimal amd64 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 [717 kB] Get:9 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 libuv1 amd64 1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3 [80.8 kB] Get:10 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 ubuntu-release-upgrader-core all 1:20.04.35 [23.9 kB] Get:11 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 python3-distupgrade all 1:20.04.35 [104 kB] Get:12 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 linux-base all 4.5ubuntu3.6 [17.8 kB] Get:13 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 linux-base-sgx all 4.5ubuntu3.6 [4660 B] Get:14 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 open-vm-tools amd64 2:11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1 [604 kB] Fetched 9485 kB in 0s (54.4 MB/s) Preconfiguring packages ... (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../libapt-pkg6.0_2.0.6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libapt-pkg6.0:amd64 (2.0.6) over (2.0.5) ... Setting up libapt-pkg6.0:amd64 (2.0.6) ... (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../archives/apt_2.0.6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking apt (2.0.6) over (2.0.5) ... Setting up apt (2.0.6) ... (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../00-apt-utils_2.0.6_amd64.deb ... Unpacking apt-utils (2.0.6) over (2.0.5) ... Preparing to unpack .../01-libpython3.8_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.8:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../02-python3.8_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking python3.8 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../03-libpython3.8-stdlib_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.8-stdlib:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../04-python3.8-minimal_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking python3.8-minimal (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../05-libpython3.8-minimal_3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libpython3.8-minimal:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) over (3.8.5-1~20.04.3) ... Preparing to unpack .../06-libuv1_1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libuv1:amd64 (1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3) over (1.34.2-1ubuntu1.1) ... Preparing to unpack .../07-ubuntu-release-upgrader-core_1%3a20.04.35_all.deb ... Unpacking ubuntu-release-upgrader-core (1:20.04.35) over (1:20.04.33) ... Preparing to unpack .../08-python3-distupgrade_1%3a20.04.35_all.deb ... Unpacking python3-distupgrade (1:20.04.35) over (1:20.04.33) ... Preparing to unpack .../09-linux-base_4.5ubuntu3.6_all.deb ... Unpacking linux-base (4.5ubuntu3.6) over (4.5ubuntu3.1) ... Preparing to unpack .../10-linux-base-sgx_4.5ubuntu3.6_all.deb ... Unpacking linux-base-sgx (4.5ubuntu3.6) over (4.5ubuntu3.1) ... Preparing to unpack .../11-open-vm-tools_2%3a11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking open-vm-tools (2:11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1) over (2:11.0.5-4) ... Setting up libpython3.8-minimal:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up apt-utils (2.0.6) ... Setting up linux-base (4.5ubuntu3.6) ... Setting up python3-distupgrade (1:20.04.35) ... Setting up libuv1:amd64 (1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3) ... Setting up linux-base-sgx (4.5ubuntu3.6) ... Setting up ubuntu-release-upgrader-core (1:20.04.35) ... Setting up python3.8-minimal (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up open-vm-tools (2:11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1) ... Installing new version of config file /etc/vmware-tools/tools.conf.example ... Installing new version of config file /etc/vmware-tools/vgauth.conf ... Setting up libpython3.8-stdlib:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up python3.8 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Setting up libpython3.8:amd64 (3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.2) ... Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.7) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... user@racunar:~$
Pre nadogradnje paketa, uvek je preporučljivo izvršiti `sudo apt update`, kako biste bili sigurni da su svi najnoviji paketi dostupni iz skladišta. Alternativno, moguće je kombinovati ove dve komande u jednom redu, na sledeći način:
$ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
Potpuna nadogradnja sistema
`apt` takođe poseduje komandu za potpunu nadogradnju sistema. Za razliku od standardne `upgrade` komande, `full-upgrade` će ukloniti trenutno instalirane pakete ako je to neophodno za potpunu nadogradnju sistema. Zbog toga treba biti oprezan prilikom korišćenja ove komande i, kad god je to moguće, koristiti standardnu `upgrade` komandu.
$ sudo apt full-upgrade
Instalacija pojedinačnog paketa
Za instaliranje novog paketa, može se koristiti sledeća `apt` komanda:
$ sudo apt install [naziv-paketa]
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ sudo apt install unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Suggested packages: zip The following NEW packages will be installed: unzip 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 14 not upgraded. Need to get 169 kB of archives. After this operation, 593 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-25ubuntu1 [169 kB] Fetched 169 kB in 0s (4040 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package unzip. (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Setting up unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... user@racunar:~$
Instalacija više paketa
Za instaliranje više paketa istovremeno, koristi se sledeća sintaksa:
$ sudo apt install [naziv-paketa-1] [naziv-paketa-2] ... [naziv-paketa-n]
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ sudo apt install zip unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: unzip zip 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 336 kB of archives. After this operation, 1231 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-25ubuntu1 [169 kB] Get:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 zip amd64 3.0-11build1 [167 kB] Fetched 336 kB in 0s (7749 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package unzip. (Reading database ... 59527 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Selecting previously unselected package zip. Preparing to unpack .../zip_3.0-11build1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking zip (3.0-11build1) ... Setting up unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Setting up zip (3.0-11build1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... user@racunar:~$
Ako je jedan od navedenih paketa već instaliran na sistemu, `apt` će potražiti njegovu nadogradnju u skladištu i, ako je dostupna, ažuriraće paket, ili će zadržati postojeću verziju.
Instalacija određene verzije paketa
U određenim situacijama, može biti potrebno instalirati specifičnu verziju paketa, naročito u poslovnim okruženjima. `apt` vam omogućava instaliranje određene verzije, pod uslovom da je ista dostupna u skladištu, koristeći sledeću sintaksu:
$ sudo apt install [naziv-paketa]=[verzija]
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ sudo apt install unzip=6.0-25ubuntu1 Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: unzip 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 169 kB of archives. After this operation, 593 kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-25ubuntu1 [169 kB] Fetched 169 kB in 0s (2767 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package unzip. (Reading database ... 59541 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../unzip_6.0-25ubuntu1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Setting up unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... user@racunar:~$
Uklanjanje paketa
Slično instalaciji, `apt` se može koristiti za uklanjanje paketa sa sistema pomoću sledeće komande:
$ sudo apt remove [naziv-paketa]
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ sudo apt remove unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: unzip 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 14 not upgraded. After this operation, 593 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y (Reading database ... 59529 files and directories currently installed.) Removing unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... user@racunar:~$
Brisanje paketa (purge)
Pored uklanjanja, brisanje paketa (purge) vrši isti zadatak, ali za razliku od `remove` komande koja uklanja samo binarne fajlove paketa ostavljajući konfiguracione datoteke netaknutim, `purge` komanda osigurava uklanjanje svih datoteka vezanih za paket, uključujući binarne i konfiguracione fajlove. Zadržavanje konfiguracionih datoteka može biti korisno ukoliko planirate ponovnu instalaciju aplikacije.
Za brisanje paketa, koristi se:
$ sudo apt purge [naziv-paketa]
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ sudo apt purge unzip Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: unzip* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 14 not upgraded. After this operation, 593 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y (Reading database ... 59529 files and directories currently installed.) Removing unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ... Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ... (Reading database ... 59511 files and directories currently installed.) Purging configuration files for unzip (6.0-25ubuntu1) ... user@racunar:~$
Pretraga paketa
`apt` nije samo alat za instalaciju i uklanjanje paketa, već se može koristiti i za pretragu željenog paketa u skladištu, koristeći sledeću komandu:
$ apt search [tekst-pretrage]
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ apt search netstat Sorting... Done Full Text Search... Done bwm-ng/focal 0.6.2-1 amd64 small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor gnome-nettool/focal 3.8.1-3 amd64 network information tool for GNOME golang-github-aelsabbahy-gonetstat-dev/focal 0.0~git20160428.0.edf89f7-3 all Netstat implementation in Go golang-github-mwitkow-go-conntrack-dev/focal 0.0~git20190716.2f06839-1 all Go middleware for net.Conn tracking libparse-netstat-perl/focal 0.14-1 all module to parse the output of the "netstat" command net-tools/focal 1.60+git20180626.aebd88e-1ubuntu1 amd64 NET-3 networking toolkit netstat-nat/focal 1.4.10-3build1 amd64 tool that display NAT connections nicstat/focal 1.95-1build1 amd64 print network traffic statistics qnetstatview/focal 1.5.6-1 amd64 Shows detailed listings of all TCP and UDP endpoints unhide/focal 20130526-4 amd64 Forensic tool to find hidden processes and ports whichman/focal 2.4-9 amd64 Fault tolerant search utilities: whichman, ftff, ftwhich user@racunar:~$
Prikaz detalja paketa
Za dobijanje detaljnih informacija o paketu, bilo da je on instaliran ili ne, možete koristiti `show` komandu na sledeći način:
$ apt show [naziv-paketa]
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ apt show firefox Package: firefox Version: 90.0+build1-0ubuntu0.20.04.1 Priority: optional Section: web Origin: Ubuntu Maintainer: Ubuntu Mozilla Team <[email protected]> Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug Installed-Size: 226 MB Provides: gnome-www-browser, iceweasel, www-browser Depends: lsb-release, libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.12.4), libc6 (>= 2.30), libcairo-gobject2 (>= 1.10.0), libcairo2 (>= 1.10.0), libdbus-1-3 (>= 1.9.14), libdbus-glib-1-2 (>= 0.78), libfontconfig1 (>= 2.12.6), libfreetype6 (>= 2.10.1), libgcc-s1 (>= 3.3), libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 (>= 2.22.0), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.42), libgtk-3-0 (>= 3.14), libharfbuzz0b (>= 0.6.0), libpango-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libpangocairo-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libpangoft2-1.0-0 (>= 1.14.0), libstdc++6 (>= 9), libx11-6, libx11-xcb1 (>= 2:1.6.9), libxcb-shm0, libxcb1, libxcomposite1 (>= 1:0.4.5), libxcursor1 (>> 1.1.2), libxdamage1 (>= 1:1.1), libxext6, libxfixes3, libxi6, libxrender1, libxt6 Recommends: xul-ext-ubufox, libcanberra0, libdbusmenu-glib4, libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 Suggests: fonts-lyx Replaces: kubuntu-firefox-installer Task: ubuntu-desktop-minimal, ubuntu-desktop, kubuntu-desktop, kubuntu-full, xubuntu-desktop, lubuntu-desktop, ubuntustudio-desktop, ubuntukylin-desktop, ubuntu-mate-core, ubuntu-mate-desktop, ubuntu-budgie-desktop Xul-Appid: {ec8030f7-c20a-464f-9b0e-13a3a9e97384} Download-Size: 57.0 MB APT-Sources: http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 Packages Description: Safe and easy web browser from Mozilla Firefox delivers safe, easy web browsing. A familiar user interface, enhanced security features including protection from online identity theft, and integrated search let you get the most out of the web. N: There is 1 additional record. Please use the '-a' switch to see it user@racunar:~$
Spisak instaliranih paketa
Često je potrebno dobiti listu instaliranih paketa na sistemu. To se može postići jednostavnom `apt` komandom:
$ apt list --installed
Spisak svih paketa
Za prikaz svih paketa koji su dostupni za vaš sistem, možete koristiti `list` komandu sa ključnom rečju `–all-versions`, kao što je prikazano u nastavku:
$ apt list --all-versions
Spisak paketa koji mogu da se nadograde
Redovno ažuriranje paketa je od ključne važnosti, jer se nove verzije kontinuirano objavljuju sa novim funkcionalnostima, poboljšanjima i ispravkama grešaka, uključujući i kritične bezbednosne propuste. `apt` omogućava jednostavno ažuriranje Debian/Ubuntu sistema pomoću `upgrade` komande, kako je već pomenuto. Za prikaz liste paketa koji se mogu nadograditi, pokrenite sledeću komandu:
$ apt list --upgradable
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ apt list --upgradable Listing... Done apt-utils/focal-updates 2.0.6 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.0.5] apt/focal-updates 2.0.6 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.0.5] libapt-pkg6.0/focal-updates 2.0.6 amd64 [upgradable from: 2.0.5] libpython3.8-minimal/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] libpython3.8-stdlib/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] libpython3.8/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] libuv1/focal-updates,focal-security 1.34.2-1ubuntu1.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 1.34.2-1ubuntu1.1] linux-base-sgx/focal-updates 4.5ubuntu3.6 all [upgradable from: 4.5ubuntu3.1] linux-base/focal-updates 4.5ubuntu3.6 all [upgradable from: 4.5ubuntu3.1] open-vm-tools/focal-updates 2:11.2.5-2ubuntu1~ubuntu20.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 2:11.0.5-4] python3-distupgrade/focal-updates 1:20.04.35 all [upgradable from: 1:20.04.33] python3.8-minimal/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] python3.8/focal-updates,focal-security 3.8.10-0ubuntu1~20.04 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.8.5-1~20.04.3] ubuntu-release-upgrader-core/focal-updates 1:20.04.35 all [upgradable from: 1:20.04.33] user@racunar:~$
Uklanjanje neiskorišćenih paketa
Tokom normalnog korišćenja sistema, može doći do toga da se na njemu nalaze paketi koji više nisu potrebni. To se može dogoditi usled činjenice da su ti paketi instalirani kao zavisnosti nekog drugog paketa koji je kasnije uklonjen, dok su zavisnosti ostale. Za uklanjanje ovakvih paketa i oslobađanje prostora na disku, može se koristiti sledeća komanda:
$ sudo apt autoremove
Primer:
user@racunar:~$ sudo apt autoremove Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. user@racunar:~$
U ovom slučaju, sistem nije imao zaostale pakete, tako da izlaz nije prikazao nikakve promene.
Provera zavisnosti paketa
Paket može imati jednu ili više zavis